Difference between Group At Risk and Vulnerable Population with Coursework

Difference between Group At Risk and Vulnerable Population with Examples - Coursework Example The group ‘at risk’ in relation to poor health refers to those individuals who remain under a constant threat of facing health-related issues, as they are exposed to certain risks. One of such examples can be illustrated as a person with liver damage, who is being unable to manage regular activities due to the prevailing unfavorable conditions and associated risks (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014). The members associated with the groups of â€Å"at risk† and â€Å"vulnerable population† often cannot manage their respective activities by themselves. Thus, they need to be advocated by the nurses. It is assumed that the members of the respective groups at certain times fail to advocate themselves due to an augmented level of vulnerability in mitigating the adverse conditions such as lack of education, poverty, homelessness, shortage in basic amenities and exposure to unhealthy conditions among others. From my viewpoint, I think advocating the elders would be the best suitable option. I feel so because elder population groups remain weak to the situations of physical stress and economic failure, which results in causing different health problems (Lillis, LeMone, Lynn & Taylor, 2010).

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Designs Essay Example for Free

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Designs Essay The experimental research design is one of the most reliable quantitative designs available. Basically, it requires that the researcher conduct an actual experiment in order to prove the research hypothesis. Similar yet fundamentally different from the experimental design is the quasi-experimental design. his paper discusses the procedure in conducting an experimental design research and differentiates it from a quasi-experimental research design. Examples of each are given to facilitate further comparison and contrast. The first step in conducting an experimental research design is to identify the independent and dependent variables. According to Random House’s dictionary of statistical terminologies, â€Å"the dependent variable is the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed. † (Random House, 2001, p. 534). In Butler and Lijinsky (2005) which is an example of experimental research, the independent variable was the type of rat while the dependent variable was the toxicity level. This meant that the research seeks to verify whether different types of rats would have different acute toxicity levels. After the identification of the independent and dependent variables, the next step is to randomly select a sample for the experiment. To randomly select a sample means to make sure that all of the members of the population have an equal chance of being selected (Corder Foreman, 2009). For example, when seeking to study a school population as is the case in of Stevens Slavin (1995), random sampling is conducted by placing all of the possible respondents in a list and selecting from that list randomly. In this way, each student has an equal opportunity to be selected for the study. Lastly, once the experiment is conducted, a secure atmosphere is generated wherein the effect of other factors are minimized (Mertens, 1998). Going back to Butler and Lijinsky (1995), the experiment was conducted in a secure atmosphere where the only variables were the type of rat and the toxins induced to them. All other factors such as the food they were given, the space of their cages and so on were kept the same for the different types of rat. In a quasi-experimental approach, an experiment is also conducted and dependent and independent variables are also selected. Measures to keep all other variables constant are also taken. However, the defining difference between the tow is that quasi-experimental designs do not conduct random sampling (Mertens, 1998). For example, the quasi-experimental research conducted by Dutton (1986) simply a sample from those that were available. This is not random sampling and therefore the design cannot be considered as experimental but it does fit the quasi-experimental description. In conclusion, it is clear that while experimental and quasi-experimental research designs are similar, they do have an essential difference. References Butler, A, and Lijinsky, W. (2005). â€Å"Acute toxicity of aflatoxin G1 to the rat† Journal of Pathology, 102 (4), 209-212. Corder, G. , Foreman, G. (2009). Nonparametric Statistics for Non-Statisticians: A Step-by-Step Approach. Wiley. Dutton, D. (1986). â€Å"The Outcome of Court-Mandated Treatment for Wife Assault: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation. † Violence and Victims, 1(3) 163-175 Mertens, D. (1998). Research methods in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative qualitative. Sage. Random House. (2001). Random House Websters Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc. Stevens, R. , and Slavin, R. (1995). Effects of a Cooperative Learning Approach in Reading and Writing on Academically Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students. The University of Chicago Press.

J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings - Frodo Baggins as a Christ-Fi

J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings - Frodo Baggins as a Christ-Figure J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings has delighted readers since its publication owing to its author's skillful development of his fantastic realm and its inhabitants adventures therein. In fact, Tolkien is rightly regarded as the father of the modern fantasy genre, and it often seems all fantasy imitates his work in some way. However, as readers return to the work, it often becomes apparent that the work is more than a simple escapist journey into an imaginary world; the work represents the finest traditions in literature and rich grounding in Tolkien's study of language and mythology. Equally surprising, though, Tolkien himself admits that the series is a "fundamentally religious and Catholic work†¦"[1] To the casual reader, Middle-Earth, the setting, seems a world devoid of religious practice, Christian or otherwise. Unsurprisingly, Tolkien added that the religious aspect about which he spoke appeared "unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision," and that "the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism."[2] Therefore, an investigation into probable sources of Christian symbolism leads to questions of characterization and its most obvious target: Frodo Baggins, a Christ-figure. The protagonist of the story, Frodo Baggins is a Hobbit, a small humanoid creature, short in stature and big in appetite. As soon as Tolkien introduces him in the first chapter, Frodo's status as a Christ figure emerges: "Anyway: there was this Mr. Frodo left an orphan and stranded," gossip Frodo's new neighbors when his uncle Bilbo adopts the him.[3] immediately, Frodo possesses two important characteristic of any Christ ... ...ery land of Mordor, conquering an evil which seems far greater than himself. In doing so, Frodo makes up for carelessness of the nations of Middle-Earth who in their sloth allowed the evil to rise up, despite forewarning of the danger. In all these things, there exist clear similarities with Christ who undertakes a similar goal, vanquishing the evil of sin from the world with total selflessness, compassion, and determination. In the end, Frodo admits admirably, "I tried to save the Shire, and it has been saved†¦."[6] [1] Tolkien, J.R.R.. "To Robert Murray, S.J." 2 December 1953. The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter and Christopher Tolkien (Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 1981) 172. [2] Ibid. [3] Tolkien, J.R.R.. The Lord of the Rings (Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 1954) 31. [4] Ibid, 217. [5] Ibid, 309. [6] Ibid, 309.

Product costing and cost accumulation in a batch production environment Essay

As production takes place, manufacturing costs are tracked in the Work-in-Process Inventory account. Every product is made up of three cost components: direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. After products are completed, the corresponding cost leaves the Work-in-Process account and is debited to the Finished-Goods account. (A merchandising firm buys its goods already completed and directly debits the items’ cost to Merchandise Inventory.) When units are sold, the Finished-Goods Inventory account is credited and Cost of Goods Sold is debited. A product-costing system must be adapted to match the environ ­ment in which it operates. A job-order costing system is used in an industry where products are made individually, or in relatively small batches, and one product or batch is readily distinguishable from the other. Candidates for job-costing systems would be custom homebuilding, custom printing, custom furniture construction, legal cases, medical cases, audits, and research projects. A process-costing system is employed in an environment at the other end of the continuum: the mass production of like units. Users might include manufacturers of chemicals, gasoline, and microchips. This topic is discussed fully in Chapter 4. 4.ACCUMULATING COSTS IN A JOB-ORDER COSTING SYSTEM A job-cost record is used to accumulate the actual direct materials, actual direct labor, and applied manufacturing overhead costs for each job. The recording of costs on this record and in the general ledger is triggered by various source docu ­ments. Material requisition forms authorize the transfer of direct materials from the warehouse to production. In many firms, the requisitions are based on a bill of materials that lists all of the materials (e.g., parts) needed. Supply chain—the flow of all goods, services, and information into and out of the organization. The supply chain often has ramifications for materials, as manufacturers work with vendors to achieve improved delivery schedules and reductions in material cost. Time records are used to gather the amount of direct labor worked on a specific job. Manufacturing overhead is entered on the job-cost record in the form of applied (i.e., estimated) overhead. Source documents, such as invoices for factory insurance and schedules for factory depreciation, trigger a general-ledger entry that debits the Manufacturing Overhead account. 5.OVERHEAD APPLICATION Overhead accounting involves a number of steps. Chapter 3 focuses on the final step: the application of overhead to jobs and products. Although overhead cannot be directly traced to the product, the use of an application rate should allocate an equitable amount of cost to each job (known as overhead application). Step 1: Set a predetermined overhead rate at the beginning of the accounting period. This is done by dividing the period’s estimated (budgeted) overhead by the period’s estimated number of cost-driver units. Step 2: Use the predetermined overhead rate to apply an equitable portion of overhead to each job. As the actual number of cost-driver units used on a job becomes known, it is multiplied by the predetermined overhead rate. Actual overhead costs incurred during the year are debited to the Manufacturing Overhead control account. In contrast, applied overhead is debited to Work-in-Process Inventory and credited to Manufacturing Overhead. The year-end difference between actual and applied amounts is known as over- or underapplied overhead. This figure is adjusted in the process of closing the Manufacturing Overhead account to zero by either: Charging or crediting the amount to cost of goods sold. This approach is acceptable if the over- or underapplication is small or if most of the products made during the period have been sold. Prorating the amount among work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. Teaching Tip: Emphasize that under- and overapplied overhead is the difference between actual and applied overhead, not actual and budgeted overhead. The budgeted figure is used solely in the determination of the predetermined rate. 6. EXTENDED ILLUSTRATION OF JOB COSTING As noted earlier, the Work-in-Process Inventory account contains charges for direct materials used, direct labor, and applied manufacturing overhead. Period costs are expensed and not charged to Manufacturing Overhead. A sale requires two journal entries: one to record the sales revenue and another to transfer the goods’ cost from Finished-Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold. Teaching Tip: Although the text illustration appears relatively complicated, it is simply presenting the details that accompany the flow of goods (and costs) from work in process, to finished goods, to cost of goods sold. 7.FINANCIAL SCHEDULES FOR MANAGERS The schedule of cost of goods manufactured details the activity in the Work-in-Process account (beginning balance, direct materials used, direct labor, applied overhead, and ending balance). The schedule of cost of goods sold details the activity in the Finished- Goods Inventory account. It is similar to the cost-of-goods-sold schedule as shown in financial accounting courses for merchandising companies, except the â€Å"purchases† amount is replaced with cost of goods manufactured. 8.FURTHER ASPECTS OF OVERHEAD APPLICATION Actual and normal costing Accountants prefer predetermined application rates, which are used in a normal-costing system. Such rates help to smooth product costs over time and allow users to cost products/jobs upon completion. In contrast, users of actual-costing systems derive an actual overhead rate at the end of the accounting period. Product-cost information to management is therefore delayed. Choosing an appropriate cost driver Direct labor has been a very common and appropriate cost driver. Past processes were labor intensive, and products incurring more labor often produced higher amounts of manufacturing overhead. Today, many processes are automated and less dependent on labor. Thus, firms now use machine hours, process time, throughput (cycle) time (the average amount of time to convert raw materials into finished goods), and other measures as cost drivers. Single vs. multiple overhead rates Companies commonly use multiple (rather than single) application rates. With computerized accounting systems, multiple rates are easily generated, thus lowering the cost of producing highly accurate information. A single overhead rate is commonly known as a plantwide rate; multiple rates are often known as departmental rates. Two-stage cost allocation Stage one: Overhead is first accumulated in production departments. This frequently requires the allocation of service department costs to production departments. Stage two: As a final step, production department costs are assigned to individual jobs and products via overhead application. 9.PROJECT COSTING Project costing refers to job costing in a nonmanufacturing environment. â€Å"Jobs† in this case refer to cases, contracts, and/or programs. Costing involves tracking the direct, easily traceable costs and subdividing them by project. Overhead is then applied by using a predetermined rate, with a possible application base being a project’s direct professional labor cost. Technology such as bar coding may be used to track appropriate costs to projects, although this is just one of many possible applications. Service providers, along with manufacturers, are also making use of: Electronic data interchange (EDI), which involves the electronic transfer of information from one organization to another by using a computer-to-computer interface. Extensible markup language (XML), which is web-based and allows users to share structured data such as product order lists and price data. Teaching Overview I begin the topic of job costing by explaining that students should not expect to apply a so-called â€Å"textbook system† to any real-world company, because cost systems must be designed to meet a firm’s unique needs. However, the two traditional system models, job order and process costing, give users the ability to build-in various modifications for use in actual situations. The major difficulty that students encounter in job costing is the concept of manufacturing overhead. The first area needing clarifica ­tion is terminology, namely: Estimated = budgeted Applied = allocatedIncurred = actual The second area in need of clarification is the sequence of procedures for overhead application: calculating predeter ­mined overhead rates, using the rates, and adjusting the over ­- or underapplied amount. This problem stems from the fact that students are doing textbook assignments where all the information is given simultaneously. Therefore, the question arises, â€Å"Why use an imperfect predetermined overhead rate when I have all the totally correct, actual data in the next paragraph?† It is helpful to be on the lookout for this line of thinking when discussing homework assignments and to remind students how and when information becomes available in the real world. (I suspect this is a problem mainly for under ­graduates with limited work experience.) Based on many years of teaching, I also find that students struggle with the journal entries required to handle a sale. Two entries are needed: one to transfer the cost of units sold from finished goods to cost of goods sold; another is needed to record revenue. Students often forget one or the other or exhibit some creativity, creating a new account entitled Profit on Sale. Be sure to spend a few extra minutes with this issue. After the preceding issues have been handled, students generally are quite interested in job-costing concepts, particularly those who have worked in a family business or who plan to start their own business. Students are also interested in job costing in a service enterprise (discuss something as basic as the activities of a sports agent who represents clients across the country) and the impact of changing manufacturing techniques (such as the acquisition of new, state-of-the-art production technology) on product-costing procedures. I recommend Exercise 3-35 (manufacturing overhead) and Problem 3-46 (job costing and journal entries) as lecture demonstration problems.

Problem at State Farm Insurance

Problem at State Farm Insurance: there is too much mail sent to the clients. Despite the wonderful customer service and reputation that State Farm Insurance has, they are also known for mailing out an abundance of mail to their clients. Agencies receive regular client complaints that the mail sent is excessive and confusing. Unlike many insurance carriers that list all auto’s on the same policy, State Farm creates a policy for every home or vehicle insured creating individual mailers for each policy.For example, a household with five cars will get ten renewal letters in one year at minimum, if there are no changes to the policies. As part of the policy update process by the automated system, all changes made to a policy generate a mailer with a new copy of policy declaration page. This becomes problematic as clients resent vast amounts of letters and being to ignore them. In many cases the clients refuse to read the letters which contain very important information (such as a c ancelation notice or time sensitive requests for information) and their policies lapse.A recent example of this took place when an angry client named Kyle complained that he was not informed that his policy had canceled. When Kyle was told that State Farm mailed him several letters his response was: â€Å"I get so many letters from State Farm that I don’t even bother opening them! † This system I also useful and helps State Farm retain its clients by diligently reminding the clients of late payments to prevent cancellation obtain current policy holder information ensuring State Farm is collecting the correct premium.Automation also frees up time for State Farm employees to do more important tasks and saves the company money. If the problem of excess mail fixed and State Farm went paperless, State Farm would be considered a green company. The employees affected by the change would be the underwriters that could go paperless and become more efficient; however, the printe r maintenance people would be out of a job.

Free Essays on The Role of Culture and Leader shipt

THE ROLE OF CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP IN IMPLEMENTING STRATEGY Abstract: In today’s fast paced, cut throat business world, companies are required to effectively plan for long-term success. The giants like GE and Microsoft have always used their vision and backed it up with a plan to accomplish their goals. Though it was not always referred to as strategically managing, these companies have always had to analyze their position in their industry, market and environment, and strategically align themselves to succeed. Today, companies must move quickly and continue to change, as uncertainty is the paradigm. This requires companies to rely on sound strategic planning to allow them to take advantages of opportunities and leverage their strengths in their market. However, strategic planning is only one small aspect in being successful in the long run. Planning has become the easy part for most companies. Today the most difficult challenge for companies is implementing and executing their strategic plan so that it functions as designed. A great id ea is useless if there is no rational way to transfer the idea to action. The same is true of a strategic plan if there isn’t proper implementation to make the plan successful. Eric Beaudan states, â€Å" The paradox of strategy implementation is that strategic thinkers overlook certain truisms that actually stop the execution. †¦ the concept that when strategy and culture are at odds, culture always wins.† (1 p.2) This is the backbone of this paper: trying to understand how culture and leadership affect the implementation, and thus the success, of a strategic plan. Beaudan’s statement emphasizes that when managers try to implement a strategy without creating the intellectual and emotional framework for the organization, the people rebel and the strategy fails. The overlying assumption is that if an organization can align their culture and leadership with their strategy, then ... Free Essays on The Role of Culture and Leader shipt Free Essays on The Role of Culture and Leader shipt THE ROLE OF CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP IN IMPLEMENTING STRATEGY Abstract: In today’s fast paced, cut throat business world, companies are required to effectively plan for long-term success. The giants like GE and Microsoft have always used their vision and backed it up with a plan to accomplish their goals. Though it was not always referred to as strategically managing, these companies have always had to analyze their position in their industry, market and environment, and strategically align themselves to succeed. Today, companies must move quickly and continue to change, as uncertainty is the paradigm. This requires companies to rely on sound strategic planning to allow them to take advantages of opportunities and leverage their strengths in their market. However, strategic planning is only one small aspect in being successful in the long run. Planning has become the easy part for most companies. Today the most difficult challenge for companies is implementing and executing their strategic plan so that it functions as designed. A great id ea is useless if there is no rational way to transfer the idea to action. The same is true of a strategic plan if there isn’t proper implementation to make the plan successful. Eric Beaudan states, â€Å" The paradox of strategy implementation is that strategic thinkers overlook certain truisms that actually stop the execution. †¦ the concept that when strategy and culture are at odds, culture always wins.† (1 p.2) This is the backbone of this paper: trying to understand how culture and leadership affect the implementation, and thus the success, of a strategic plan. Beaudan’s statement emphasizes that when managers try to implement a strategy without creating the intellectual and emotional framework for the organization, the people rebel and the strategy fails. The overlying assumption is that if an organization can align their culture and leadership with their strategy, then ...

An Overview of Impressionism in Art History

An Overview of Impressionism in Art History Impressionist art is a style of painting that emerged in the mid-to-late 1800s and emphasizes an artists immediate impression of a moment or scene, usually communicated through the use of light and its reflection, short brushstrokes, and separation of colors. Impressionist painters,such as Claude Monet in his Impression: Sunrise and Edgar Degas in Ballet Class, often used modern life as their subject matter and painted quickly and freely, capturing light and movement in a way that had not been tried before.   Key Takeaways: Impressionism Impressionism is a style of painting that was developed in the late 19th century.  The style, methods, and topics of Impressionism rejected previous historical painting, replacing carefully hidden brushstrokes of historical events with visible thick bright colors of modern scenes.  The first exhibition was in 1874, and it was roundly panned by art critics.Key painters include Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Impressionism: Definition Avenue de LOpà ©ra. Snow Effect. Morning, by Pissarro Camille. Mondadori / Getty Images Although some of the most respected artists of the Western canon were part of the Impressionist movement, the term impressionist was originally intended as a derogatory term, used by art critics who were flatly appalled at this new style of painting. In the mid-1800s, when the Impressionist movement was born, it was commonly accepted that serious artists blended their colors and minimized the appearance of brushstrokes to produce the licked surface preferred by the academic masters. Impressionism, in contrast, featured short, visible strokes- dots, commas, smears, and blobs. The first piece of art to inspire the critical nickname impressionism was Claude Monets 1873 piece Impression: Sunrise, a piece that was presented at the first exhibition in 1874. Conservative painter Joseph Vincent was quoted in a review in increasingly sarcastic ways, calling Monets work not as finished as wallpaper. To call someone an Impressionist in 1874 was an insult, meaning the painter had no skill and lacked the common sense to finish a painting before selling it.   The First Impressionist Exhibition Frà ©dà ©ric Bazille, Bazilles Studio, 1870. Musà ©e dOrsay, Parà ­s (Francia) In 1874, a group of artists who dedicated themselves to this messy style pooled their resources to promote themselves in their own exhibition. The idea was radical. In those days the French art world revolved around the annual Salon, an official exhibition sponsored by the French government through its Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts. The group (Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot, and a raft of others) called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc. Together they rented exhibition space from the photographer Nadar (a pseudonym of Gaspard-Fà ©lix Tournachon). Nadars studio was in a new building, which was a rather modern edifice; and the entire effect of their efforts caused a sensation. For the average audience, the art looked strange, the exhibition space looked unconventional, and the decision to show their art outside of the Salon or the Academys orbit (and even sell directly off the walls) seemed close to madness. Indeed, these artists pushed the limits of art in the 1870s far beyond the range of acceptable practice. Even in 1879, during the fourth Impressionist Exhibition, the French critic Henry Havard wrote: I confess humbly I do not see nature as they do, never having seen these skies fluffy with pink cotton, these opaque and moirà © waters, this multi-colored foliage. Maybe they do exist. I do not know them.   Impressionism and Modern Life Edgar Degas, The Dance Class, 1874. Mondadori Portfolio Impressionism created a new way of seeing the world. It was a way of observing the city, the suburbs, and the countryside as mirrors of the modernization that each of these artists perceived and wanted to record from their point of view. Modernity, as they knew it, became their subject matter. Mythology, biblical scenes and historical events that had dominated the revered history painting of their era were replaced by subjects of contemporary life, such as cafes and street life in Paris, suburban and rural leisure life outside of Paris, dancers and singers and workmen. The Impressionists attempted to capture the quickly shifting light of natural daylight by painting outdoors (en plein air). They mixed their colors on the canvas rather than their palettes and painted rapidly in wet-on-wet complementary colors made from new synthetic pigments. To achieve the look they wanted, they invented the technique of broken colors, leaving gaps in the top layers to reveal colors below, and abandoning the films and glazes of the older masters for a thick impasto of pure, intense color. In a sense, the spectacle of the street, cabaret or seaside resort became history painting for these stalwart Independents (who also called themselves the Intransigents- the stubborn ones). The Evolution of Post-Impressionism Mary Cassatt, A Cup of Tea, 1879. Corbis/VCG / Getty Images The Impressionists mounted eight shows from 1874 to 1886, although very few of the core artists exhibited in every show. After 1886, the gallery dealers organized solo exhibitions or small group shows, and each artist concentrated on his or her own career. Nevertheless, they remained friends (except for Degas, who stopped talking to Pissarro because he was an anti-Dreyfusard and Pissarro was Jewish). They stayed in touch and protected each other well into old age. Among the original group of 1874, Monet survived the longest. He died in 1926. Some artists who exhibited with the Impressionists in the 1870s and 1880s pushed their art into different directions. They became known as Post-Impressionists: Paul Cà ©zanne, Paul Gauguin, and Georges Seurat, among others. Important Impressionists   Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, on the Butte-Montmartre. Painting by Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), 1876. Corbis   / Getty Images The impressionist artists were friends, who as a group were part of the cafe set in the city of Paris. Many of them lived in the Batignolles neighborhood,located in the 17th arrondissement of the city. Their favorite meeting place was the Cafà © Guerbois, located on Avenue de Clichy in Paris. The most influential impressionists of the period include: Claude MonetEdgar DegasPierre-August RenoirCamille PissarroBerthe MorisotMary CassattAlfred SisleyGustave CaillebotteArmand GuillauminFrà ©dà ©ric Bazille

Definition and Examples of Visual Euphemisms

Definition and Examples of Visual Euphemisms Visual euphemism is the use of a pleasing or inoffensive image to represent an object, concept, or experience thats considered unpleasant, distasteful, or distressingly explicit. In  Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language (2006),  Keith Allan and Kate Burridge point out that visual euphemisms are commonplace; for example,  low-calorie salad dressing (usually  oil-free) is presented in shapely, slender-waisted bottles. The shape, the cleverly altered spelling and reversed coloring on some of the packaging sends out the message non-fattening loud and clear. Examples and Observations Good  visual euphemisms are  to be found in advertisements concerned with false teeth- something that no one wants to see. An advertisement for one fixative simply shows two beautiful slim blue cylinders fitting together perfectly, as a voice  Ã‚  praises the efficiency and salubriousness of the product.(Toni-Lee Capossela,  Language Matters. Harcourt Brace,  1995) Visual Euphemisms in Everyday Life: Romance in the Toilet Bowl CleanerSociety has many instances of visual euphemisms. Bald men wear toupees. Both sexes wear contact lenses. Fig leaves hide the genitals of statues. Pubic hair was airbrushed out of soft-porn photographs until the 1960s. The Society for Indecency to Naked Animals designed boxer shorts, knickers, and petticoats to cover the sex organs of animals during the 1960s (cf. Fryer 1963:19). Frilled pantalettes modestly hid the limbs (legs could not properly be mentioned, especially in America, see Read 1934:265) of the table and the pianoforte during the V ictorian era. . . .Attractive packaging itself is a kind of euphemism: emphasis on appearance instead of the product contrasts strikingly with the old-time grocer who displayed items in bulk. Lighting effects that redden meat, the waxing of fruit, and the attractive packaging are cosmetic; and like verbal euphemism, they create a positive illusion. Still photography, film, and television are superb media for deceptive euphemisms. . . . These media present a world of perfected forms in which there is romance in the toilet bowl cleaner, poetry in the sanitary napkin, temptation in the tampon, and beauty in a glass of dentures.(Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. Oxford University Press, 1991) SharksAs trash-happy and ridiculous as it sounds, the movie [Spring Break Shark Attack] isnt just another load of tired old beach bunk. For one thing, the scary parts really are scary, enough so that little kids should be sent to their roomswhere, presumably, they can watch the less menacing aquatic antics of SpongeBob SquarePants. . . .When a partly eaten shark victim washes up onshore, for example, he really looks like a partly eaten shark victim, not the scrubbed-up visual euphemism of TV times gone by. Is this progress? Wellkinda?(Tom Shales, Cue the Shark Music and Prepare to Be Scared. The Washington Post, March 19, 2005) Sexual EncountersVictorian novels and pictures frequently feature a woman enthroned on a gentlemans knee as a visual euphemism for sexual encounter. Although William Holman Hunts famous picture The Awakening Conscience (1854) indicated that the fallen woman regained her moral conviction by showing her in the act of rising from her lovers knee, many pictures a nd stories celebrated the happy wife, held by her husband on his knee as both sweetheart and child.(Judith Farr, The Passion of Emily Dickinson. Harvard University Press, 1992) Deception and SecrecyThere is no doubt that some euphemism adds dimensions of deception and secrecy. And in the case of the visual euphemism the illusion is very effective. Its always much harder to prove misrepresentation when a claim is expressed non-verbally; in other words, not in propositional language with actual nouns and verbs. The visual euphemism can be a lot more sneaky.(Kate Burridge, Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Management information system db5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management information system db5 - Essay Example s is also valid because a similar trend occurred between the years 2005 and 2006 before regaining the increasing trend (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2011). The decision by the Attorney General’s to establish computer crime as a priority for the justice agency also means that the crime is becoming more significant than other types of crimes (Offices of the United States Attorneys, n.d.). Three different types of cyber crime that I am aware of are â€Å"cyber trespass,† â€Å"cyber theft,† and â€Å"cyber violence† (Cornelius and Hermann, 2011, p. 21, 22). Cyber trespass involves real or virtual access of a person’s computer, causing damage such as accessing information from the computer or introducing a virus into the computer. Cyber theft however defined unauthorized access and use data from a computer through the internet while cyber violence involves psychological damage or incitement into physical

The Battle of Somme Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Battle of Somme - Research Paper Example Anglo-French in nature, the Somme offensive aimed at shattering the powers of Germany. The British army led the allied forces consisting of a major part of British and French army. The German army which awaited them retaliated harshly. The first day of the battle proved the most fatal for the British army. At the end of the day, the British army had lost 60000 of its men (Gilbert, pp65-78). Despite the heavy human loss of almost 1 million from both sides, the British Generals of the time have been criticized for the battle. At the end of the battle, the British army had succeeded in capturing only 12 kilometers from the Germans. The allied forces were still 5 kilometers away from Bapaume which had been termed as a major objective of the battle while Germany was still maintaining much of its frontline. One view however favors the offensive that the battle caused a severe blow to the Germany ultimately bringing its defeat in 1918. At the start of battle, the balance in composition amon g the British and French was 20 British and 13 French divisions. Though majority of the composition was British, it had earlier been decided that the attack on German army would be primarily a French offensive. The German onslaught at Verdun forced the French to depute a huge manpower of its army. The Somme offensive aimed at draining the German forces of reserves and the territorial target was the secondary objective. The Verdun onslaught changed the nature of the Somme offensive completely. The aim had then become to shift German resources from Verdun to the defense of Somme (Doughty, p291). The heavy bombardment was planned to precede the attack which began on June 24. It was believed that the fierce bombardment would destroy the German front line. After the destruction of the front line, the allied forces would become able to walk into the no man’s land and take edge over the Germans. Both the British and French artillery had an equal share in the 3000 guns for bombardmen t. After the bombardment, it was planned that a creeping barrage would lead the advancing infantry towards the front line of the Germans then consecutively towards the second and third trench lines. In addition, Rawlinson’s Fourth army was heavily loaded with arms and ammunitions which had the task of consolidation. During the course, the whole Fourth army would attempt a sudden breakthrough by using the cavalry to catch the gap in the German defense lines. After the possession of the German front line, the plan was that the British army would break through to Cambrai and Douai which meant the breakup of German line into two. 750000 soldiers from 27 divisions went into the offensive. About eighty percent of the army was from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The figures comparison favored the attacking allied forces as only 16 Divisions German army defended the battlefield of Somme (Keegan, pp290-292). What Happened? The bombardment began and continued for eight consecut ive days. The allied forces of British and France had however looked down upon the strengths of the German army and its strong arrangements. The bombardment had failed to destroy either of the German front line’s barbed wire or the strongly built concrete bunkers. It was evident that the Germans were alert for all of the enemy’s onslaughts. Besides, the munitions and explosives used by the British were defective. Many of them did not explode.

Crtical Article Review of the Bell Witch of Tennessee and Mississippi Essay

Crtical Article Review of the Bell Witch of Tennessee and Mississippi - Essay Example Probably thÐ µ main thÐ µory at usÐ µ for thÐ µ authors is about catÐ µgorization of folklorÐ µ and thÐ µ status of thÐ µ primary tÐ µxt, in that thÐ µ authors sÐ µÃ µm to thÐ µorizÐ µ that if Ð µnough catÐ µgoriÐ µs arÐ µ crÐ µatÐ µd thÐ µrÐ µ can bÐ µcomÐ µ a framÐ µwork or infrastructurÐ µ of dÐ µfinition framing thÐ µ outragÐ µous story. ThÐ µ authors writÐ µ a morÐ µ pÐ µrsonal and opÐ µnly subjÐ µctivÐ µ introduction bÐ µforÐ µ lÐ µtting thÐ µ talÐ µ spÐ µak for itsÐ µlf, and thÐ µ articlÐ µ usÐ µs mainly Ð µthnographic or cultural-anthropological casÐ µ study mÐ µthods, and it is unclÐ µar Ð µvÐ µn whÐ µthÐ µr or not thÐ µ casÐ µ studiÐ µs arÐ µ basically hypothÐ µtical or factual. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ authors also havÐ µ a strong and convincing argumÐ µnt about thÐ µ story as folklorÐ µ. ThÐ µ authors’ analysis and story work in diffÐ µrÐ µnt ways in tÐ µrms of mÐ µthods and thÐ µoriÐ µs, which can bÐ µ likÐ µnÐ µd to casÐ µ study mÐ µthods. This is a qualitativÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ it doÐ µs involvÐ µ thÐ µ intÐ µrprÐ µtation of thÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µr, which tÐ µnds to bÐ µ subjÐ µctivÐ µ and basÐ µd on opinions, attitudÐ µs, and bÐ µliÐ µfs which arÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µd by thÐ µ qualitativÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarch procÐ µss.

Sweatshops & Anti Sweatshop Movement Assignment

Sweatshops & Anti Sweatshop Movement - Assignment Example This essay discusses that sweatshop workers often labor long hours for very low pay, despite of laws mandating overtime pay or a lowest amount wage. Child labor laws may be debased, or sweatshops may have dangerous materials and situations. Employees may be issued to employer mistreatment without an easy way, if any way, to protect themselves. The anti-sweatshop movement in the U.S. and other developed economies has, in recent years, effort to use consumer boycotts to eliminate sweatshop working conditions and child labor in less developed economies. Unions and college student associations have been leading the drive for sweatshop boycotts. The anti-sweatshop movement acknowledged a great deal of well-liked attention when it was found that Kathie Lee Gifford's garments company had engaged Honduran sweatshop workers to manufacture her line of clothing for Walmart. Roughly 10% of the workers engaged in this task were amid the ages of 13 and 15. A 75-hour workweek was the standard in th ese factories. When this became revealed, Kathie Lee Gifford condemned these sweatshops and affirmed that she was uninformed of the working conditions in these factories. In reaction to the anti-sweatshop movement, several organizations have been formed or have extended their roles to observe working conditions in less urbanized countries. Among the major organizations helping this function are the Workers Rights Consortium (WRC), the Fair Labor Association (FLA), Verità ©, and Social Accountability International (SAI).... Critics of sweatshops dispute that the minor gains made by employee of some of these organizations are overshadowed by the negative costs such as poor wages to augment profit margins and that the institutions pay less than the severyday expenses of their workers (Archon Fung, Dara O'Rourke, Charles F. Sabel, 2008 ). Often times, economists are inquired about sweatshops. Individuals often believe that sweatshops are ethically wrong and thus question why they exist. However, they are not ethically wrong. In fact, sweatshops are in reality one of the first optimistic signs of growth for those in developing countries (Raymond C. Miller, 2008). It is difficult to describe a low wage. Americans often gasp at the earnings for which those in developing countries are eager to work. A low wage by American standards does not essentially consider it a low wage. One must evaluate the wage by the standards in the nation in which it is being compensated In the United States; $5 per hour would be de emed an objectionable wage because it is below our minimum wage. Likewise, the citizens of the United States enjoy a privileged standard of living. Those who are measured poor still drive cars and own televisions. However, in other nations this is not the case. In developing countries, the main apprehension is often food and shelter. When the standards of living are so little, the money can go a lot further. Supporting Reasons Sweatshops are also main signs of escalation in developing nations. As more and more of these shops unlock, more and more individuals can locate work. The rivalry for labor will persist to push wages higher. This boost in employment and

E-Commerce laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

E-Commerce laws - Essay Example The proper functioning of the Internal Market in electronic commerce is ensured by the Internal Market clause, which means that information society services are, in principle, subject to the law of the Member State in which the service provider is established. In turn, the Member State in which the information society service is received cannot restrict incoming services. Examples of services covered by the Directive include online information services (such as online newspapers), online selling of products and services (books, financial services and travel services), online advertising, professional services (lawyers, doctors, estate agents), entertainment services and basic intermediary services (access to the Internet and transmission and hosting of information). These services include also services provided free of charge to the recipient and funded, for example, by advertising or sponsorship. (Electronic commerce) The European Union is maintaining momentum in its efforts to regulate the Internet and electronic commerce, especially with respect to conflicts of law in cyberspace. A directive establishing a common legal framework for electronic commerce within the European Union1 E-commerce Directive) was adopted in early summer 2000, enshrining the "country of origin" principle in the on-line environment. Effectively, this principle means that an on-line retailer established in one of the European Union member states is allowed to offer e-commerce services on-line throughout the European Union as long as it meets the legal requirements of its country of domicile. However, the legal certainty established by the E-commerce Directive is already under threat. The European Commission intends to revive an idea from 1967 regarding the creation of a Council Regulation2often called Rome II Regulation. Another closely related instrument is the regulation on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the Brussels

Sweatshops & Anti Sweatshop Movement Assignment

Sweatshops & Anti Sweatshop Movement - Assignment Example This essay discusses that sweatshop workers often labor long hours for very low pay, despite of laws mandating overtime pay or a lowest amount wage. Child labor laws may be debased, or sweatshops may have dangerous materials and situations. Employees may be issued to employer mistreatment without an easy way, if any way, to protect themselves. The anti-sweatshop movement in the U.S. and other developed economies has, in recent years, effort to use consumer boycotts to eliminate sweatshop working conditions and child labor in less developed economies. Unions and college student associations have been leading the drive for sweatshop boycotts. The anti-sweatshop movement acknowledged a great deal of well-liked attention when it was found that Kathie Lee Gifford's garments company had engaged Honduran sweatshop workers to manufacture her line of clothing for Walmart. Roughly 10% of the workers engaged in this task were amid the ages of 13 and 15. A 75-hour workweek was the standard in th ese factories. When this became revealed, Kathie Lee Gifford condemned these sweatshops and affirmed that she was uninformed of the working conditions in these factories. In reaction to the anti-sweatshop movement, several organizations have been formed or have extended their roles to observe working conditions in less urbanized countries. Among the major organizations helping this function are the Workers Rights Consortium (WRC), the Fair Labor Association (FLA), Verità ©, and Social Accountability International (SAI).... Critics of sweatshops dispute that the minor gains made by employee of some of these organizations are overshadowed by the negative costs such as poor wages to augment profit margins and that the institutions pay less than the severyday expenses of their workers (Archon Fung, Dara O'Rourke, Charles F. Sabel, 2008 ). Often times, economists are inquired about sweatshops. Individuals often believe that sweatshops are ethically wrong and thus question why they exist. However, they are not ethically wrong. In fact, sweatshops are in reality one of the first optimistic signs of growth for those in developing countries (Raymond C. Miller, 2008). It is difficult to describe a low wage. Americans often gasp at the earnings for which those in developing countries are eager to work. A low wage by American standards does not essentially consider it a low wage. One must evaluate the wage by the standards in the nation in which it is being compensated In the United States; $5 per hour would be de emed an objectionable wage because it is below our minimum wage. Likewise, the citizens of the United States enjoy a privileged standard of living. Those who are measured poor still drive cars and own televisions. However, in other nations this is not the case. In developing countries, the main apprehension is often food and shelter. When the standards of living are so little, the money can go a lot further. Supporting Reasons Sweatshops are also main signs of escalation in developing nations. As more and more of these shops unlock, more and more individuals can locate work. The rivalry for labor will persist to push wages higher. This boost in employment and

Theoires Of International Political Economy Essay

Theoires Of International Political Economy - Essay Example This essay discusses that Karl Marx, who was a staunch communist and opponent of capitalism, developed the Marxism theory. He highlighted that capitalism introduced a system governed by money. This aspect divided the society into two classes. Those who had money as well as a means of production qualified as the capitalists, which he referred to as the bourgeoisie and the laborers whom he called the proletariat. The laborers did not have the capital and were hence unable to access a means of production. The purpose of the capitalists was to ensure that their systems registered the highest profits but minimal costs. This means that they were only willing to pay little wages to the laborers. On the other hand, the laborers purposed to get the highest possible wage while doing the least work possible. Evidently, the needs for both classes were contrary to each other a factor that introduced class conflicts as Marx highlighted. As described above, different historians and economists descr ibed the three economic theories. Their relevance in the modern day cannot receive any form of underestimation. Different historians have highlighted that Mercantilism is of significance because it highlights the specific roles that a strong state should play if it is to promote the economic stability and the reinforcement of liberal rules across the globe. On the other hand, there is evidence that Marxism answers the increasing questions on why there is under development in third world countries.

Teenage pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Teenage pregnancy Essay Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. Causes and of teenage pregnancy Teen pregnancies may result for different reasons in industrialized countries as compared to developing countries. Factors that contribute to teenage pregnancies include: Customs and traditions that lead to early marriage (developing countries) Adolescent sexual behavior which may also be influenced by alcohol and drugs Lack of education and information about reproductive sexual health including lack of access to tools that prevent pregnancies Peer pressure to engage in sexual activity Incorrect use of contraception Sexual abuse that leads to rape Poverty Exposure to abuse, violence and family strife at home Low self esteem Low educational ambitions and goals Effects of teenage pregnancy Research indicates that teen pregnancy and motherhood can have detrimental socio economic and psychological outcomes for the teen mother, her child, and her young siblings. A teen mother is more likely to: †¢ Drop out of school †¢ have no or low qualifications †¢ be unemployed or low-paid †¢ live in poor housing conditions †¢ suffer from depression which may result in suicide †¢ live on welfare The child of a teen mother is more likely to: †¢ live in poverty †¢ grow up without a father †¢ become a victim of neglect or abuse †¢ do less well at school †¢ become involved in crime †¢ Abuse drugs and alcohol †¢ Eventually become a teenage parent and begin the cycle all over again The younger sibling of a teen mother is more likely to: †¢ accept sexual initiation and marriage at a younger age †¢ Place less importance on education and employment Disadvantages of teenage pregnancy TEEN PREGNANCY: STIs, HIV AND AIDS †¢ As a result of unprotected sex, young people are also at risk of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection. †¢ The highest rates of STIs worldwide are among young people aged 15 to 24. Some 500,000 become infected daily (excluding HIV). †¢ Two in five new HIV infections globally occur in young people aged 15 to 24. †¢ Surveys from 40 countries show that more than half their young people have misconceptions about how HIV is transmitted. †¢ Married adolescent girls generally are unable to negotiate condom use or to refuse sexual relations. They are often married to older men with more sexual experience, which puts them at risk of contracting STIs, including HIV. Prevention FAMILY PLANNING AND YOUNG PEOPLE: CHALLENGES †¢ Many societies, including in Malaysia, disapprove of premarital sex. †¢ As a result, young people have limited or no access to education and information on reproductive sexual health care. †¢ Modern contraceptive use among adolescents is generally low, and decreases with economic status. Fewer than 5% of the poorest young use modern contraception. †¢ Young women consistently report less contraceptive usage than men, evidence of their unequal power in negotiating safer sex or restrictions on their access to services (such as lack of information, shame, laws, health provider attitudes and practices, or social norms). †¢ Young people may hesitate to visit clinics because of lack of privacy and confidentiality, inconvenient locations and hours, high costs, limited contraceptive choices and supplies, and perhaps most importantly, negative or judgmental provider attitudes. †¢ Laws and policies also may restrict adolescents’ access to information and services, for example, by limiting family planning to married people or requiring parental or spousal consent. †¢ A basic challenge in advocacy, especially in traditional societies, is the taboo on public discussion of sexual issues, including the fact that many young people are sexually active before marriage.

Causes of Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice

Causes of Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice Shaun Wharton Understanding the term ethical dilemma and how such dilemmas arise in social work practice. The paper will begin by explaining the term ethical dilemma and how such dilemmas arise in social Work practice through; what conditions and components are needed for an ethical dilemma to develop, and by explaining how ethical dilemmas occur within agency policy, law, professional ethics and personal values. Furthermore the paper will apply agency policy and law to the case study of Jack, a 62 year old white man, in order to explore how ethical dilemmas arise within social work. The paper will then explore risk verses autonomy, by weighing up the consequences for and against supporting Jack, through utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. This will then lead to explore a new proposed action. Finally the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings. The first part of this essay will explain the conditions and components needed for an ethical dilemma to develop. Firstly there has to be a difficult decision made with two or more unwelcome courses of action avail able (Banks, 2006, p.8). Secondly no matter what course of action has been undertaken, an ethical principle has been bent or broken (Allen, 2014). Once you have made a decision then the social worker is left responsible for choosing an imperfect answer and the inevitable unwelcome out comes (Banks, 2006, p.9). This paper will now explain when an ethical dilemma occurs, firstly through agency policy and law, these are integrated into every course of action, and decision made. One important act is the Human Rights Act and is integrated into UK law. This means that every person can protect their rights in court and public organisations have to treat everyone equally. (Minister of Justice, 2006). Social workers often only have one course of action to take and that’s to follow the law and agency policy (hcpc, 2012). Sometimes social workers professional codes of practice might come into conflict with law and agency policy, this is not an ethical dilemma because there is only one course of action to take, for example they should follow the law. Additionally due to the social workers codes of professional practice you are obligated to lobby against such law (hcpc, 2012). In contrast Braye and Preston Shoot (1997) suggest the law is vague, leaving the social workers to decide what course of action to take, producing ethical dilemmas (Banks, 2006, p.8). Secondly Professional ethics can result in ethical dilemmas for example, when trying to choose the best course of action in relation to a service user (Allen, 2014). Ethics are a professional guide (morals actions) set out to help people in groups or within a professional organisation to make right decisions, when an ethical dilemma presents itself. In social work this is the health and care professions council (hcpc) and offers a set of ethical principles to determine the right course of action and therefore produces a logical thought process, resulting in consistency throughout the profession. (Parrott, 2011, p.79). In contrast, the social workers, hcpc codes of practice covers a large range of codes of behaviour and conduct (Banks, 2006, p.78), therefore blurring professional boundaries, (Banks, 2006, p.16), which result in ethical dilemmas (hcpc, 2012). Finally Values are something that can produce personal ethical dilemmas. Values are what people hold close to their heart and are seen as valuable to them for instance, someone’s cultural beliefs of right and wrong (Oxford, 2014). It’s very important to understand personal ethics and values through critical-reflection (BASW, 2014). Through identifying personal values, ethics and acknowledging the power a social worker holds, you can expose bias views and dominant discourses (Banks, 2006, p.159). Thompson’s PCS Model can help explore any anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices, not just on a personal level, but cultural and social/structural level too (Barbra, 2010, p.12). It’s then possible to reflect and change further professional judgements (Banks, 2006, p.159). Personal values are used to inform every day practice as long as there are within the hcpc. Therefore making the social workers job very complex, because they have to balance their own moral integrity, to society, service users and the agencies they work with in, causing personal ethical dilemmas (Banks, 2006, p.17). To understand how ethical dilemmas arise in social work practice, this essay will apply agency policy and law to a case study. Jack is a 62yr old white man who lives alone in a privately rented flat; Jack has asked if his carer could support him to visit a paid prostitute as part of his assessed care plan; paid for by public funds. The first thing to ascertain is whether any laws or agency policies will be broken. The actual act of visiting a prostitute is not illegal (GOV.UK 2014). The second question to ask is whether local authority procedures allow for the payment of a prostitute. Service users receive direct payments, this can be spent on personal care, social activities, respite care and may vary from one local authority to another (Royal Borough of Greenwich, 2014). So the local authority’s payment would likely cover Jack’s suggestion. The local authority also has a legal duty of care to make sure Jack is not financially exploited (The National Archives, 2014). A social worker has to support Jacks autonomy, even if this puts him in danger (Parrott, 2011, p.90). Jack has become socially isolated because of his disabilities and it is the social workers responsibility to promote social inclusion (hcpc, 2012). In contrast even though it’s not illegal to visit a prostitute there are many laws, professional codes of ethics and personal values against actions involving Jack with prostitution. This is especially relevant to Jack as he has already been warned by the police not to get involved sexually with any underage woman. This causes an ethical dilemma (Banks, 2006, p.12), between promoting Jacks autonomy and protecting Jacks welfare (BASW, 2014). Whilst the local authority’s payment would likely cover Jack’s suggestion, this still could cause an ethical dilemma, between the public generally thinking it’s wrong to use public money visit a prostitute, and the local authority who needs to promote Jacks inclusion in soci ety. Also the actual interaction with the prostitute is beyond the help of a social worker and proposes health risks. Several ethical dilemmas have developed (Banks, 2006, p.14). Whenever a social worker is faced with risk, they would perform a risk assessment (legislation.gov.uk., 2010). The risk assessment would weigh up the consequences for and against supporting Jack. The social worker could use an ethical framework to assist decision making for example, Lowenberg and Dolgoffs, (2005) Ethical Principles Screen, which attempts to put ethical principles in order of importance (Lowenberg and Dolgoffs cited in, Learning Portal, 2013). The social worker would start by examining the risks of not supporting Jack through applying the human rights acts and any other laws. Jacks right to liberty and security would be affected, Article 5; it would also affect his right to the prohibition of discrimination, Article 14 and the right to private and family life, Article 8 (GOV.UK 2014). This would lead to the social worker failing to uphold the Equality Act 2010 (legislation.gov.uk., 2010) and the Local authority would fail in its duty of care (legislation.gov.uk. 2010) . The social worker would then apply professional codes of practice and would be failing in, article five of the hcpc, be aware of the impact of culture, equality and diversity, this is because of Jacks disabilities and a social worker should promote equality for example, equal access to society. The social worker would fail to adhere to article six of the hcpc, also fail to practise in a non-discriminatory manner (hcpc, 2012), this is because the social worker would be withholding funds, not letting him make his own choices, and also limiting his access to society (hcpc, 2012). The social worker would also apply the British Association of Social Workers codes of ethics (BASW, 2014), for example, BASW outline that all social workers should respect human rights and be committed to promoting social justice (BASW 2014). Under BASW the social worker would be compromising values and ethical principles, through failing to uphold and promote human dignity and well-being, respecting the right to self-determination, promoting the right to participation and treating each person as a whole. A social worker is also expected to promote social justice and would be failing in challenging discrimination, distributing resource and recognising diversity (BASW 2014). The social worker would then explore the risks of supporting Jack. For instance this course of action could result in a public moral outcry. This is because there have been several media campaigns, to stop local authorities from using public money for prostitutes (Donnelly, Howie, Leach, 2010). Social workers have a duty to protect the reputation of the profession through the British association of social workers (BASW, 2014). Many of the human rights above are not absolute rights; they are qualified rights and in certain circumstances can be broken, for example when protecting public health or when protecting other people’s human rights. This is evident with Jack potentially taking advantage of a vulnerable person (prostitute) (SHRC, 2014). By applying utilitarianism to the assessment above the theory would suggest finding all the different courses of action available. Second would be to calculate all the positives and negatives that can result from these actions and thirdly this theory suggests to choose the course of action that produces the most benefits and the least damage for all involved (Parrott, 2011, p.54). Supporting Jack would limit for his financial risk, reduced the risk committing an offence, and reduce many of the health risks involved with visiting a prostitute. Also the social worker could make sure the prostitute was making an informed choice (HCPC, 2014). Over all the risk assessment would support Jack, but as mentioned above, the social worker is left with an imperfect answer and the inevitable undesirable effects. But because a risk assessment isn’t an exact science there are additional ways to inform social work practice (Banks, 2006, p.25). The decision to support Jack could compromise the social worker’s personal values causing an ethical dilemma; between personal values and supporting Jack. The social worker could support the idea that Jack should not just seek pleasure. The social worker would be applying virtues ethics (Banks, 2009, pp.38-49), because this ethical theory is more concerned with character not actions. This theory suggests the individual should avoid extremes, this is not to say Jack should not want sex, it just should not come before everything else (Parrott, 2011, p.58). The social worker could also incorporate Kant’s deontological theory. This is an absolutist theory which argues once something is wrong it’s always wrong, for instance, â€Å"you should not take advantage of a vulnerable person† (Parrott, 2011, p.54). This theory is linked to duty. This is called the categorical imperative that indicates we should only conform to an action, when it can be applied to the re st of the world, for instance, if one person lies the rest of the world can lie, this would produce mistrust throughout society. So lying cannot be applied to society universally (Banks, 2006, pp.29-30). In addition there is the concept of reversal, for example, if you were vulnerable would you like someone to take advantage of you? If not, then you shouldn’t do it to anyone else (Parrott, 2011, pp.50-51). The social worker could use the theories above to propose a new course of action based on personal values, in accordance with the law and the professional code of ethics (HCPC, 2014). This course of action would offer a viable alternative. If Jack refused, new ethical dilemmas would arise, similar to the ones discussed above (The National Archives, 2014). This action would limit the risk above and solve most of the ethical dilemmas. For example, one of BASW ethical principles is to identify and develop strengths (BASW, 2014). Jack could be introduced to a wider network of friends, enabling him to find what he needs through clubs, hobbies and dating agencies etc. The consequences of this action is time related, it could take some time for Jack to fulfil his needs. The actual implementation of the action would be governed by utilitarianism, most benefits and the least damage for all involved (Mill, 2004). This paper has shown how ethical dilemmas can arise through agency policy, law, professional ethics and personal values. The paper then applied agency policy and law to a case study to show how ethical dilemmas arise in social work practice, by exposing ethical dilemmas between promoting the welfare of the service user verses promoting the service users right to make their own decisions. The paper proceeded to assess the risk of both courses of action by using theories of ethics through, utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics; this led to explore a more viable solution, through personal values, resulting in a new course of action. The paper can conclude that an ethical dilemma results from conflicting laws, agency policies and personal values, to address these issues a social worker will combine several different ethical theories, with this becoming a mechanical matter for some, informed by personal values for others and sometimes mixture of both. (Words 2186) References Allen, K, Ph.D. (2014).  What Is an Ethical Dilemma?.Available: http://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/ethics-articles/What_Is_an_Ethical_Dilemma%3F/. Last accessed 15th Dec 2014. Banks S, (2006) British Association of Social Workers. Ethics and values in social work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Banks, S, Gallagher, A (2009). Ethics in Professional Life. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Barbra, T (2010). An Introduction to Applying Social Work Theories and Methods. Berkshire: Open University Press. Donnelly, L, Howie, M, Leach, B. (2010). Councils pay for prostitutes for the disabled. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/7945785/Councils-pay-for-prostitutes-for-the-disabled.html. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014. GOV.UK. (2014). Prostitution and Exploitation of Prostitution. Available: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/p_to_r/prostitution_and_exploitation_of_prostitution/#a01. Last accessed 11th Dec 2014. hcpc. (2012). Social workers in England. Available: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10003B08Standardsofproficiency-SocialworkersinEngland.pdf. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. Health and Care Professions Council. (2012). Guidance on conduct and ethics for students. Available: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10002C16Guidanceonconductandethicsforstudents.pdf. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. J. Leuven,T. Visak. (2013). Ryder’s Painism and His Criticism of Utilitarianism. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 26 (2), 409–419. Kathleen E. Murphy, Ph.D. (1997). Resolving Ethical Dilemmas. Available: http://www.naswma.org/?114. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. Learning Portal . (2013). Ethical Practice – Defining the Process. Available: http://www.elearnportal.com/courses/psychology/ethical-legal-and-professional-issues-in-counseling/ethical-legal-and-professional-issues-in-counseling-ethical-practice-defini. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014. legislation.gov.uk. (2010). Equality Act 2010. Available: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents. Last accessed 5th Nov 2014. Mill, S. (2004).UTILITARIANISM.  Available: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224-h/11224-h.htm#CONTENTS. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. Minister of Justice. (2006). Making sense of human rights. Available: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/human-rights/human-rights-making-sense-human-rights.pdf. Last accessed 15th Dec 2014. Oxford Dictionaries. (2014). Oxford Dictionaries. Available: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. Last accessed 29th Nov 2014. Parrott, L (2011).  Values and Ethics in Social Work Practice. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Learning Matters Ltd. Royal Borough of Greenwich. (2014). Direct payments. Available: http://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200050/help_for_adults/262/direct_payments/3. Last accessed 17th Dec 2014. Scottish Human Rights Commission. (2014). Welcome to Care about Rights. Available: http://www.scottishhumanrights.com/careaboutrights/. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014. Sokol, B. (2006).  What if.  Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4954856.stm. The National Archives. (2014). Human Rights Act 1998. Available: http://www.scottishhumanrights.com/careaboutrights/section1-page11. Last accessed 11th Dec 2014. The National Archives. (2014). National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. Available: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/19/contents. Last accessed 11th Dec 2014. The Policy, Ethics and Human Rights Committee. (2014). The Code of Ethics for Social Work. Available: http://cdn.basw.co.uk/upload/basw_95243-9.pdf. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014.

Exceptional Families United :: essays research papers

EXCEPTIONAL FAMILIES UNITED Exceptional Families United is a support group comprised of service providers and parents of individuals with special needs. This group meets monthly in Springfield. When this group was first formed, the biggest issue that the families wanted addressed was the lack of recreational opportunities for individuals with disabilities in the Springfield area. We discovered that in other areas around the state, park districts and municipalities have formed joint Special Recreation Associations (SRAs) to address the increasing demand for recreation inclusion and accessibility, as mandated by the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). These joint programs are authorized by law to levy their own taxes to pay for the programs, which is the real beauty of the SRA. The SRAs often employ Therapeutic Recreation and related professionals to provide a wide range of athletic and social programs for individuals with disabilities of all ages and abilities, such as swimming, camps, after school activities, shopping trips and dinner outings. In addition, the SRA helps all individuals have the chance to be included in existing park district programs by providing the necessary supports such as one-on-one assistants, staff training, sign language interpreters, transportation, and adaptive equipment to ensure a safe and successful experience for everyone inv olved. Springfield area families and individuals would benefit greatly from such a program. We have consulted with SRA administrators from around the state and the Illinois Association of Park Districts for their expertise and advice, and will have their support in presenting the idea to the mayor and park district officials in Springfield. WE NEED YOUR HELP!!!! We are seeking letters of support from local organizations that serve individuals with disabilities. A brief letter indicating your organization’s support for a SRA in the Springfield area would be beneficial and greatly appreciated.

Developing an international marketing plan Essay

Working in teams of 4 – 5 students you will analyze a country’s cultural and economic environment in order to develop a marketing program for a specific product or service. The purpose of this assignment is to facilitate cross-cultural understanding and evaluate a country’s market potential. You should work as if you represent a company planning to expand operations to several new countries. Your job is to analyze and tentatively propose a marketing program for the company’s product in one of the countries. The project includes a paper (15 pages plus as many appendixes, tables, etc. as needed) and a presentation (each group will have 15 minutes to present their work to the class). Please see The Country Notebook (p. 586) in International Marketing by Cateora and Graham. Project Components 1) Identify country 2) Identify product and develop product fact sheet 3) Economic analysis 4) Cultural analysis 5) Market audit and competitive analysis 6) Marketing plan 1) Selecting a Country Please choose a country that you have some interest in and would like to develop in-depth knowledge. There are only three restrictions in the selection of a country: 1) you must study a country other than your own, 2) two groups cannot select the same country, and 3) you cannot study the United States. You can select countries ranging from the most economically developed to most recent developing nations. You must have a country selected by week 3. 2) Selecting a Product The focus of this project is exclusively consumer products. You may choose any consumer product. You must also produce a 1 page product fact sheet identifying the product and product features (e.g., brand name, description, usage, purpose, benefits, unit size, cost, contents or other relevant features). The product fact sheet is due in week 4. Also include your product fact sheet as an appendix in your final project. 3) Economic Analysis Entire books have been written on the topics in this section, however I want you to demonstrate an understanding of the economic information and highlight points of particular significance from a marketing planning perspective. Potential categories of information include population, economic statistics and activity, developments in science and technology, distribution systems, and media. Adapt and modify these categories as necessary. In addition, provide a 1-page summary of the major economic points. The 1-page summary is due in week 6. Also place the summary in the appendix of your final project. 4) Cultural Analysis You will need to report cultural facts that you have identified and analyze these facts in terms of likely marketing implications. Relevant cultural information includes geographical setting, social institutions (family, education, political, legal, etc.), religion, living conditions, and language. In addition to reporting facts, it is important to interpret this information. You must answer the question â€Å"What does this cultural information have to do with marketing?† You will also have to complete a 2-page essay on â€Å"what it is like to be a citizen of† the country that you choose to study. The â€Å"what it is like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  essay is due in week 6. Also include your essay as an appendix in your final project. 5) Market audit and competitive analysis This section is used to determine competitive market conditions and market potential. This information is then used to determine the extent of adaptation of the company’s marketing mix. Consider the product and the market (e.g., consider the conditions where the product will be sold, competitors, government involvement, market size, etc.). 6) Marketing plan The information that you have developed should serve as a basis for your marketing plan. You need to identify the most effective means of marketing your product or service in the country identified. Categories include objectives, product, promotion, distribution, and price. Please indicate if you think that this is a profitable market opportunity for your product or service. Be sure to include your recommendations. You have the option of recommending to market or not to market the product in the country. Make sure your decision is supported with adequate information. FORMAT ISSUES †¢ Be concise. The final product should be no more than 15 pages in length (not including appendices and references). The paper should be easily read and understood. o It should be written in concise business-style English o Use bullet-point statements with short explanatory paragraphs when appropriate. o Include charts and figures to describe numerical data. o Include pictures if appropriate. †¢ Form matters. The look of this document is important. It should look as if it has been professionally prepared. Use double-spacing with 12-point font. All tables, figures and appendices should be individually labeled and titled (e.g., Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of †¦; Appendix A: Graphical Representation of †¦). †¢ Writing matters. I expect you to write clearly, using language that conveys what you mean. All members of the group should carefully inspect the document for grammatical and spelling errors. o You do not get credit for correct grammar, punctuation and spelling. However, you WILL MOST CERTAINLY lose points if there are problems in this area. OTHER STUFF †¢ Each group should submit three exam questions (and answers) to the instructor prior to the presentation. One of these questions may be placed on the exam. †¢ History suggests that not every member of a group will actively participate in the project. In order to overcome this tendency, I will ask each group member to complete a peer evaluation for this project. This evaluation is intended to force you to confront (as a group) at the start what expectations each of you has for the others in your group relative to this project. †¢ Each group is required to meet with the instructor during the term to make sure that the group is on the right track with the project. Be prepared to discuss what you will be doing, how you will be doing it, and how you will present this information in class. †¢ Rather than splitting the project up among group members and then putting it together at the end, I strongly urge you to approach it as a total entity. This will help with the flow of the writing and understanding of how each element relates to the others. o Your grade will be reduced if it appears that you slapped together four different parts written by four different people. †¢ Cite all of your sources. PRESENTATION GUIDELINES †¢ Each group is required to make a presentation to the class. †¢ Each group member must present, but the amount of time does not have to be shared equally across all members. †¢ Practice, practice, practice! It is the only way to make sure that the timing is right and the only way to ensure that the transitions between speakers are smooth. †¢ It is important to engage the audience. Make the presentation fun and interesting. Ask questions, show enthusiasm, and include visual aids and props when appropriate. †¢ Make an effort to face the class when you’re speaking. People often have a tendency to talk to the screen. Also, do not stand in front of the screen. Remember, you want your audience to see it. †¢ Speak clearly and deliberately. Students often rush through the presentation. Remember, even though you are really familiar with the content, others are not. †¢ Presentation slides should include enough information to communicate the key points to the class. †¢ Attendance is mandatory for ALL students, whether presenting or not. It is the responsibility of the audience to listen attentively and to engage the speakers where appropriate.

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley is a tale that seems to expound on many of the ideas set forth in John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The thematic elements concur in their references to the unknown and to the unwanted and melancholic results of knowledge that lies beyond a certain threshold of life. Both works take on a very tenebrous tone and even hint at a certain inevitability in the coming of doom and the destruction of beauty. They might even be considered works that celebrate the sadder circumstances in life—which is in direct contrast to the unbridled optimism of many Romantic poets of the era. The monster created by Victor Frankenstein, as well as Frankenstein himself, enter the dreamlike and unknown territory of Lethe warned against by Keats, and in return find out first hand the inner workings of life’s melancholy.The very first line of Keats’ poem warns against entrance into the unknown, as therein lies even more evidence of the grief that life can hold. He writes, â€Å"No, no, go not to Lethe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1). Lethe refers to a river found in the Greek mythologies that flowed through the underworld of Hades. This river is one that causes forgetfulness and in that way casts a shroud over reality that is similar to the misty and dreamlike sense created in the novel Frankenstein. Shelley does this using several devices, such as through the setting she creates. The story begins while the first narrator and Dr. Frankenstein sail together on a vessel in the dark and expansive waters of the Arctic. The atmosphere speaks volumes of the lack of clarity that is shown to exist on the earth. It also prefigures the idea of Dr. Frankenstein’s forgetting (as on Lethe’s waters) lessons learned from Faust about seeking too much that which lies beyond death.It can also be seen from the very first letter written by Walton that life is itself shown to be unclear and unstable in its abilit y to mete out despair and melancholy no matter which actions are performed by the persons involved. Walton writes to Margaret: â€Å"And when shall I return? Ah, dear sister, how can I answer this question? If I succeed, many, many months, perhaps years, will pass before you and I may meet. If I fail, you will see me again soon, or never† (Shelley, 4). It is clear that life is like a voyage into the Arctic or on the river Lethe. What lies ahead is unknown and what happiness has past may easily be forgotten, as quickly as sadness may come.Yet Keats’ message is much more specific than the mere pointing out of the dreamlike nature of life. It goes further to deter men from seeking out the underside of life. He specifically warns against the deliberate seeking of things that are associated with death and the underworld. He speaks of the foolhardiness of twisting Wolfs-bane or allowing Proserpine (the goddess of the underworld) to kiss one’s forehead (lines 1-4). Thi s is significant in the novel Frankenstein as the actions performed by that doctor may be compared directly to what Keats warns against.The doctor himself admits: â€Å"The moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hidingplaces† (Shelley, 45). Frankenstein reveals that he deliberately seeks out the halls of death in his quest to give life to a cadaverous body. He goes beyond the call of the living man and ventures uninvited into the underworld to have his brow kissed by Proserpine. The warning Keats gives seems to be merited as the consequences of his actions serve only to illuminate the more melancholy aspects of life.A portentous smudge on Dr. Frankenstein’s eagerness to infuse the dead body with his new concoction of life symbolizes the doom that is foretold by Keats for those who meddle with the things of death. Frankenstein describes his state during the times leading up to the creation of his monste r, and he reveals, â€Å"I pursued my undertaking with unremitting ardour.My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement† (Shelley, 44). This demonstrates the toll that his illicit actions were taking on his body. It is as though Proserpine’s kiss of death were spreading through his body while he attempted to give life to the dead one lying on his table. The unfavorable circumstances that are yet to come are prefigured in this episode where Frankenstein seems to be transferring his own life to the cadaver on which he operates.Keats goes on to speak of the fall of melancholy when â€Å"fit,† and this demonstrates that sadness itself will lie in incubation during periods that seem happy. He writes, â€Å"But when melancholy fit shall fall sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 11-12). This demonstrates how in the fullness of time, melancholy itself will burst forth upon the heads of those who have per formed the actions to deserve it. This is also true of the events of the novel Frankenstein. Once the scientific endeavor has been achieved, the Monster becomes a herald of fear and doom.He also becomes the hand of premature death to several of the characters, all of whom were loved by Victor. Furthermore, Keats’ comparison of melancholy’s â€Å"fall† to the weeping of a cloud makes it known that such sadness is a part of the cycle of life—and therefore gives the impression that there is no real need to seek it out, since it comes of its own accord anyway. Death would have come to Elizabeth, William, Justine and Frankenstein’s father without the help of the monster that was created. There was no real need for the Dr. Frankenstein to create that artificial taker of life, since life itself has its own built-in machinery of death.Yet Keats’ solution to the fall of melancholy holds a cryptic message that appears difficult to interpret. It is nec essary to dig deeply into its meaning before it can be reconciled with the events portrayed in Mary Shelley’s novel. He indicates that when melancholy falls, one should â€Å"glut thy sorrow on a morning rose or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave or on the wreath of globed peonies† (lines 15-17). When one â€Å"gluts† or oversupplies something, this leads to a drop in the price of the thing.Sorrow glutted upon these things of beauty causes itself to become cheap, and therefore easily acquired. It is difficult to see how this can be a solution to sorrow at all, since it merely proliferates it. However, it does support the thesis that sorrow is easily achieved in life; and it can also be seen to fit well with the ideas of the novel Frankenstein, in which the Monster goes on a rampage and gluts sorrow upon the happiness that once existed in Victor’s world.Yet, the glut of sorrow that Keats indicates exists in life is even more visible when one considers th e condition of the Monster himself. The â€Å"life† into which he is brought is even more desolate and melancholy than that experienced by real humans. He is the only one of his kind and is marginalized by his very dissimilarity to man. His hatred and wickedness is spawned directly from this fact—which is a direct result of Frankenstein’s â€Å"[twisting] Wolfs-bane [†¦] for its poisonous wine† (Keats, lines 1-2).When the Monster speaks to Frankenstein, it is to display the condition to which he has been brought in life. He says, â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind?† (Shelley, 147) It is this immense sorrow that the Monster’s life has brought him that overflows in its surplus and gluts itself on the morning rose of everything that is good in Frankenstein’s life. It affects the promise of his friend and brothers’ lives, and causes the shedding of his wife’s bloom and beauty.The ideas concerning the melancholy of life, which are reflected in this poem and novel, demonstrate several notions that are usually considered Romantic. The idea of something’s being Romantic gives the impression that it affects more gaiety than it really does possess. This can be shown to be true of the novel Frankenstein as the contentment that the doctor proposes to receive from fulfilling his plan is in direct contrast to what actually results from his work. Yet further ideas concerning Romanticism can also be extracted from these two works.The moral and Romantic belief in the apocalyptic events (as those portrayed in the Bible) followed by an era of peace and serenity can be shown to be reflected to some extent in the texts of the Keats’ poem and Shelley’s novel. Shelley’s protagonist is hit upon by doom and destruction as a result of the actions he performed during his life. This is also demonstrated in the melancholy that â€Å"fallsâ₠¬  in Keats’ poem as a result of the actions of one who deliberately seeks out the underside of the life. Similarly, Romantic (biblical) destruction of the earth is also purported to be a direct result of the actions of mankind. However, once the destruction is complete, peace returns to the earth.This is seen to occur at the end of the novel Frankenstein when the monster destroys his maker and then wanders off to seek his own destruction. This appears to restore equilibrium to the world. Yet, this equilibrium cannot be said to be of the same optimistic quality as the â€Å"peace and tranquility† that is supposed to follow the apocalypse. In fact, this equilibrium keeps itself closer to the theme of melancholy being present naturally within life, as it is a balance between good and evil that defines this equilibrium.The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and the poem â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† by John Keats bear many similarities to each other. They contain the i dea that seeking too much the things that lie beyond life will unleash a measure of death and sorrow that is not only unnecessary, but that will disrupt the gentle equilibrium that exists on earth. Life, in equilibrium, contains both joy and sorrow—so melancholy will come in good time without being sought.The actions of Dr. Frankenstein prove Keats’ theory to be correct in that he pushes to see beyond life and finds the death and sorrow in greater abundance than that which he sought. The optimism typical of the romantics is challenged in the ideas of these writers, as even the return of life’s equilibrium means that death and sorrow will have as much freedom to harm humans as life and happiness to comfort them.Works CitedKeats, John. 1819. â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. I.   Ã‚   M. H. Abrams, et al. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.Shelley, Mary. 1831. Frankenstein. Bowser, BC: Aerie Publishing, 1988.

Sahara Desert

General facts: Largest Desert in the world 10 percent of the African continent, 5000 years ago had a significantly larger mammal population, due to it getting dryer and over hunting in the last 100 years, the mammals are near extinction in the sahara. Intro: Definition of desert: â€Å"a region so arid because of little rainfall that it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or no vegetation at all† Deserts cover about one fifth of our planet, and are caused by extremely low rainfall over an area. Arid deserts generally occur at low latitudes, and can be found in North-America, South-America, Africa, and Southern Asia. In deserts such as the Atacama, there has never been any rainfall recorded since record keeping has come into existence. While â€Å"coastal deserts† are mildy warm and get some rainfall and â€Å"cold† deserts are cold. Climate: Temp: The average temperature for this desert is 86 degrees Fahrenheit with the hottest ever recorded being 122 degrees. With freezing temperatures in the winter the climate of the Sahara is one the of the strangest on the planet. Temperature swings of 37.5 to 99.5 have been recorded. Rainfall: the average rainfall for the Sahara is just 2.5 cm and in the eastern parts it only gets .5 cm of rain a year. Seasonal Variations: There are not much variations in seasons in this desert. It is mostly hot with very little rain. The only exception is winter. During winter the temperature can drop below freezing and it is more likely to rain during these times. Human Interaction:  The current state of the biome is as usual with one exception: the water supply. The only human presence is around areas of permanent water supplies, such as oasis’ and water that is underground but close to the surface. Humans that live in these areas use the little water that is available for them selves and take that small amount away from the creatures that live there.

World War 1, New Deal, and Woman in the 1900,1920s. and 1930s Essay

World War 1, New Deal, and Woman in the 1900,1920s. and 1930s - Essay Example Roosevelt, with the help of his closest advisers, nicknamed the Brain Trust, prepared the social program which included reforming of the administrative and partly judicial power, economic planning and legislative regulation of economic relations. He explained the main objective of the New Deal in a speech to the electorate – it was a more equitable distribution of wealth and goods. The new course was formed from a number of legislative and administrative measures. Some of them were expected to fight the current crisis and some to act long term. In general, they formed a new regulatory system of social and economic relations. The new policy can be divided into four major blocks: measures to stabilize the financial system; measures to improve the situation in production sector and agricultural industry; labor and social legislation. The New Deal economic policy was aimed at the recovery of the fully unbalanced banking and financial system. For this purpose, Congress passed the E mergency Banking Relief Act (March 9, 1933), which granted the President broad powers in the financial sector. All the accounts of banks in the country were blocked to audit them in detail. The President got the right to monitor international financial operations, to confiscate gold from private ownership. Exchange of bank notes for gold was stopped. The state started to control banks’ gold reserves. The government devalued the dollar (in January 1934 to 14%). The number of banks was reduced by one fifth. The government strictly limited the banks. The Glass-Steagall Act (1933) prohibited the banks from combining deposit and investment functions. State deposit insurance was introduced in all the banks (up to five thousand dollars). The National Industrial Recovery Act was passed on 16 June 1933 and is the most significant legislation of the New Deal. It was enacted to provide general welfare, fight poverty, improve cooperation between workers and employers, eliminate and solve labor disputes and destructive competition leading to lower profits and reduced investment. It introduced the so-called Codes of Fair Competition - the special guidance documents for branches of industry, which were formulated by entrepreneurs and sanctioned by the President. All antitrust laws temporarily ceased to be effective and the government could cartelize companies by force. The codes also contained the rules of pricing, production, sale of goods and terms of employment in the industry. The norms of minimum wage per hour and maximum working hours (44 hours) were set. That was the most fundamental turn in the history of legal regulation of the U.S. economy. The New Deal’s agricultural policy was embodied primarily in the Agricultural Adjustment Act. A special administrative authority was created to regulate agriculture and balance supply and demand for agricultural products, raise their prices. For this purpose, a uniform percentage acreage reduction was introduced al ong with the compensation for raw land, which was harmful for the small farms. At the same time large-scale commercial farms received most of the premium payments and could, thereby, intensify production and get a considerable profit. The federal social insurance programs were introduced. The Social Security Act of 1935, for the first time in the U.S., guaranteed unemployment benefits and old-age pension. The next step was to reduce unemployment and its negative effects. Those activities were supervised by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. The National Labor Relations Act (1935) officially proclaimed, for the first time in U.S. history, the recognition of trade unions and also provided legal guarantees for these rights. Fair Labor Standards Act of